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One of the greatest aspects of Linux is how efficient it is in terms of system resource usage. However, there are plenty of times when you might tax your Linux system, such as compiling large codebases, running multiple virtual machines, playing intense video games, or editing 4K video. In these situations, you may want to keep an eye on your system resources to make sure your CPU isn’t getting too hot. Here are some of the best system monitors you can use to check your system resources in Linux.
1. System MonitorOne of the simplest ways to look at your system resource usage is through the built-in GUI system monitor. Most Desktop Environments come with one, and they’re generally good for getting a decent look at your resource usage. Most of them have several tabs, much like the Windows Task Manager, and that can make each given view more simple and less overwhelming.
The GNOME System Monitor Processes tabThe GNOME System Monitor Resources tabThe GNOME System Monitor File Systems tab
However, if you’re the kind of person who wants to see everything on one screen, these generally aren’t for you. Also, they can tend to be inaccurate, so use them with some caution and verify your information.
2. YtopTop is a command-line tool for monitoring system resources and is pre-installed in almost every Linux distro. However, it is a very basic tool. Ytop is a program that is far superior to top. It has an excellent CPU graph at the top; an easy-to-read memory graph; reports filesystem usage, network usage, and CPU temperature; and moves a list of running processes to the very bottom so that it’s out of the way and doesn’t distract you.
It refreshes quickly and makes it very easy to quickly glance at your system resource usage while staying out of your way. It’s also very light on resources itself, so it’s a great candidate for an older or weaker system that needs to be careful with how it allocates its energy.
ytop in action
Overall, ytop is one of the best system monitors on the list, and I highly recommend giving it a try.
3. CockpitWe’ve already written an article on how to manage your Linux system using Cockpit, but it’s such a great tool that it bears mentioning again. Cockpit is a great web-based tool for managing remote systems as well, but when used on a local system, it gives you a dead simple user interface for managing your systems.
On the main Overview page there’s an option to view system resource usage graphs. The graphs are pretty simple, but there are so many options available to dive deeply into disk I/O, network usage, and more. It’s also useful for managing things like virtual machines and containers as well.
The Cockpit usage graphs.
4. NetdataAnother web-based system monitor for Linux, Netdata is an incredible tool. This is easily the most granular of all the tools on the list, automatically pulling in information on hardware usage across the machine as well as per-core CPU usage graphs, network packet tracing separated by IPv4 vs. IPv6, and so much more.
One of the great parts is that, aside from dependencies needed, it’s essentially one command to install. Additionally, it’s available to install as a container via Docker, so those who are interested are more than welcome to pull down the container and run it with a simple command. Netdata is an amazing tool that gives you very fine-tuned resource usage statistics with the option to set up alerts as well.
The Netdata System Overview dashboard.
Honorable MentionsThese are great tools that didn’t quite make the list for one reason or another.
1. HtopHtop is a tool that builds a little on top without making it too complicated. It’s become something of a standard in the community as a show of performance on a system.
Htop is a simple tool that provides a simple interface.
2. BashTOPBashTOP is quite similar to ytop, but there’s a pretty significant difference in terms of user experience. It has a particular look and feel to it, and overall I think ytop is a little more usable. However, the CPU usage reporting in BashTOP is really great, and I recommend it for that.
I really like Bashtop’s CPU reporting, but everything else is a little hard to read for me
3. GlancesGlances is another tool that has a slightly complicated interface but gives a lot of great information on your system. It’s supposed to be everything “at a glance,” hence the name. It reports on usage simply, but this is the simplest tool to track network sessions (here it’s reporting on TCP connections), which can be useful, depending on your usage.
Glances reporting on my system in a particular moment.
Now that you know how to check system resource usage, make sure to check out our guides on how to find the cause of poor Linux system performance, how to improve Linux PC performance, and how to monitor your Nvidia GPU in Linux.
John Perkins
John is a young technical professional with a passion for educating users on the best ways to use their technology. He holds technical certifications covering topics ranging from computer hardware to cybersecurity to Linux system administration.
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4+1 Architectural Views Of An Electronic Voting System
This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.
Introduction4+1 architectural views represent the overall architecture of the software incentive system. It describes the system from different viewpoints like developers, engineers, project managers or stakeholders. These 4 views are logical, process, development and physical. The +1 view represents the scenarios view, which is the model’s centre.
This tutorial will discuss the 4+1 architectural views of an Electronic Voting System design using Blockchain for different use cases.
2. Voting Procedure
But before starting this tutorial, let us discuss the components of 4+1 architectural views and blockchain networks.
What are 4+1 Architectural Views?Logical View: The logical view is concerned with the system’s functionality to end-users.
Development View: The process perspective is concerned with the dynamic features of the system, describes the system processes and how they communicate, and focuses on the system’s run-time behaviour. Concurrency, distribution, integrator, performance, scalability, and other issues are addressed from the process perspective.
Process View: The development view depicts a system from a programmer’s standpoint and is concerned with software management. It is often referred to as the implementation perspective.
Physical View: The physical view (also known as the deployment view) illustrates the system from the perspective of a system engineer. It is concerned with the physical layer structure of software components and the physical connections between these components.
Scenario View: A limited selection of use cases, or scenarios, are used to explain the architecture description, which becomes the fifth view. The scenarios represent interaction sequences between objects and processes. They are used to identify architectural aspects and depict and assess architectural designs. They also serve as a starting point for architecture prototype testing. It is often referred to as the use case view.
It is only a brief explanation, but you can read more about them here.
What is Blockchain?It is a chain of blocks that stores information or a digital ledger of transactions maintained by a network of computers. The pieces of information are stored so that it is almost impossible to hack or change. In this technology, two persons can directly contact or commit a transaction with each other without any third party interference like bank or government entities. You can refer to that paper to get more information about the working of the Blockchain Network.
Use Case – 1 (User Authentication)This use case discusses how users can securely log in to the voting portal by verifying their login credentials. We first take the user’s login credentials as input and validate the user. For validation, we can check the user details in our database. If the details entered by the user are correct, then we authenticate the user. Otherwise, we throw an error message.
Logical View Process ViewIn the process view, we can first verify if the credentials are correct or not. After checking the credentials, we verify if the user has already given the vote or not. If the user is giving the vote for the first time, we authorize the user to cast his vote.
Development ViewAs previously said, this application utilizes a variety of technologies. A single team will not be able to complete the mission. As a result, we may divide the groups depending on employee competence and create separate groups that include-
Frontend Developers
Backend Developers
Database Designers
Code Testers
All the teams will work separately, so we need a version control system and a testing mechanism to test the other’s team progress. We can use CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Delivery) and Git/GitHub.
Physical ViewIn the physical deployment view, we don’t have any intermediary nodes for this program. All of the operations are carried out entirely within the client and server. We may use any web browser on the client-side, such as Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, etc. We have a MySQL database on the server-side (an open-source relational database management system). As a web server, Apache is utilized. On the other hand, Apache Server is a free and open-source web server that distributes online content. It’s known as Apache, and Apache Software Foundation created it.
Use Case View Use Case – 2 (Voting Procedure)This use case discusses how users can cast their votes and how their votes are stored securely in the blockchain network.
Logical ViewThe various modules involved in this use case are as follows:
Users have to verify using their voting identity cards before submitting a vote.
After the verification, the user gets the list of all the candidates who stand up in the election.
Then, users can select their desired Candidate and cast their vote too.
Then the selected candidate ID will be stored in the blockchain network. It keeps the information about the vote, not about the user.
Process ViewIt explains the complete procedure for voting from a distance. After the user’s authentication, we again verify the user by their Voter ID Card, like two-factor authentication. Then after the complete verification of the user, we generate a ballot and send this to the user. Then, the user casts their vote for the preferred candidates. Then that CandidateID is forwarded to the backend. After that, a node is added to the blockchain network for that Candidate. After that, the user gets a response that their vote has been successfully submitted.
Development ViewAs previously said, this application utilizes a variety of technologies. A single team will not be able to complete the mission. As a result, we may divide the groups depending on employee competence and create separate groups that include-
Frontend Developers
Backend Developers
Database Designers
Blockchain Developers
Code Testers
All the teams will work separately, so we need a version control system and a testing mechanism to test the other’s team progress. We can use CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Delivery) and Git/GitHub.
The client’s functionality is appropriately implemented with the necessary security measures once a specific time has passed. Now is the time for site developers and security experts to step in. Security specialists will conduct rigorous vulnerability assessments, such as Denial of Service attacks, before distributing the software to select beta testers. The program is made available during elections following these adjustments, with additional updates if a security or accessibility issue arises.
Physical ViewWe have deployed all three things separately but interconnected with each other. E.g., the client layer consists of a React app, with various pages in it, like pages for displaying the candidates, pages for giving some input for verification, etc. And all these pages are connected to the backend server through routes. And the backend can send and receive the data from the client using GET and POST methods, respectively. We can use Apache server and MySQL database to serve the backend. And the final vote is committed in the blockchain network in a new node.
Use Case View Conclusion on 4+1 Architectural ViewsWe can now discuss some key takeaways of this tutorial:
1. We have discussed the 4+1 architectural views and got a basic understanding of them.
2. After that, we have also discussed the blockchain network.
3. Then, we have taken a scenario of an Electronic Voting System Using Blockchain. In this, we have discussed two scenarios. The first one is the User Authentication, and the second one is Voting Procedure.
In User Authentication, we have discussed how users can securely log in to the voting portal by verifying their login credentials.
In Voting Procedure, we have discussed how a user can cast their vote after identification and how that vote is added to the blockchain network.
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Related
Process Management In Os: Pcb In Operating System
What is a Process?
Process is the execution of a program that performs the actions specified in that program. It can be defined as an execution unit where a program runs. The OS helps you to create, schedule, and terminates the processes which is used by CPU. A process created by the main process is called a child process.
Process operations can be easily controlled with the help of PCB(Process Control Block). You can consider it as the brain of the process, which contains all the crucial information related to processing like process id, priority, state, CPU registers, etc.
In this Operating system tutorial, you will learn:
What is Process Management?Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling, termination of processes, and a dead lock. Process is a program that is under execution, which is an important part of modern-day operating systems. The OS must allocate resources that enable processes to share and exchange information. It also protects the resources of each process from other methods and allows synchronization among processes.
It is the job of OS to manage all the running processes of the system. It handles operations by performing tasks like process scheduling and such as resource allocation.
Process ArchitectureProcess architecture Image
Here, is an Architecture diagram of the Process
Stack: The Stack stores temporary data like function parameters, returns addresses, and local variables.
Heap Allocates memory, which may be processed during its run time.
Data: It contains the variable.
Text Section includes the current activity, which is represented by the value of the Program Counter.
Process Control BlocksPCB stands for Process Control Block. It is a data structure that is maintained by the Operating System for every process. The PCB should be identified by an integer Process ID (PID). It helps you to store all the information required to keep track of all the running processes.
It is also accountable for storing the contents of processor registers. These are saved when the process moves from the running state and then returns back to it. The information is quickly updated in the PCB by the OS as soon as the process makes the state transition.
Process StatesProcess States Diagram
A process state is a condition of the process at a specific instant of time. It also defines the current position of the process.
There are mainly seven stages of a process which are:
New: The new process is created when a specific program calls from secondary memory/ hard disk to primary memory/ RAM a
Ready: In a ready state, the process should be loaded into the primary memory, which is ready for execution.
Waiting: The process is waiting for the allocation of CPU time and other resources for execution.
Executing: The process is an execution state.
Blocked: It is a time interval when a process is waiting for an event like I/O operations to complete.
Suspended: Suspended state defines the time when a process is ready for execution but has not been placed in the ready queue by OS.
Terminated: Terminated state specifies the time when a process is terminated
After completing every step, all the resources are used by a process, and memory becomes free.
Process Control Block (PCB)Every process is represented in the operating system by a process control block, which is also called a task control block.
Here, are important components of PCB
Process Control Block (PCB)
Process state: A process can be new, ready, running, waiting, etc.
Program counter: The program counter lets you know the address of the next instruction, which should be executed for that process.
CPU registers: This component includes accumulators, index and general-purpose registers, and information of condition code.
CPU scheduling information: This component includes a process priority, pointers for scheduling queues, and various other scheduling parameters.
Accounting and business information: It includes the amount of CPU and time utilities like real time used, job or process numbers, etc.
Memory-management information: This information includes the value of the base and limit registers, the page, or segment tables. This depends on the memory system, which is used by the operating system.
I/O status information: This block includes a list of open files, the list of I/O devices that are allocated to the process, etc.
Summary:
A process is defined as the execution of a program that performs the actions specified in that program.
Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling, termination of processes, and a dead lock.
The important elements of Process architecture are 1)Stack 2) Heap 3) Data, and 4) Text
The PCB is a full form of Process Control Block. It is a data structure that is maintained by the Operating System for every process
A process state is a condition of the process at a specific instant of time.
Every process is represented in the operating system by a process control block, which is also called a task control block.
How To Configure Stms (Sap Transport Management System)
STMS is the transport tool that assists the CTO for central management of all transport functions. TMS is used for performing:
Defining Transport Domain Controller.
Configuring the SAP system Landscape
Defining the Transport Routes among systems within the system Landscape
Distributing the configuration
Transport Domain Controller – one of the systems from the landscape that contains complete configuration information and controls the system landscape whose transports are being maintained jointly. For availability and security reasons, this system is normally the Productive system.
Within transport domain, all systems must have a unique System Ids and only one of these systems is identified as the domain controller, the transport domain controller is the system where all TMS configuration settings are maintained. Any changes to the configuration settings are distributed to all systems in the landscape. A transport group is one or more systems that share a common transport directory. Transport Domain – comprises all the systems and the transport routes in the landscape. Landscape, Group, and Domain are the terms that are used synonymously by system administrators.
TMS ConfigurationStep 1: Setting up the Domain Controller
Log on to the SAP system, which is decided to be the Domain Controller, in client 000 and enter the transaction code STMS.
If there is no Domain Controller already, a system will prompt you to create one. When the Transport Domain is created for the first time, following activities happen in the background:
Initiation of the Transport Domain / Landscape / Group
Creating the user TMSADM
Generating the RFC Destinations required for R/3 Configurations, TMSADM is used as the target login user.
Creating chúng tôi file in usr/sap/trans/bin directory – This file contains the TMS configuration and is used by systems and domains for checking existing configurations.
Step 2: Transaction STMS
Step 3: Adding SAP systems to the Transport Domain
Log on to SAP systems (to be added in the domain) in client 000 and start transaction STMS.
TMS will check the configuration file chúng tôi and will automatically propose to join the domain (if the domain controller already created). ‘Select’ the proposal and save your entries.
For security purpose, system status will still be in ‘waiting’ status, to be included in the transport domain.
Step 4: Configuring Transport Routes
Transport Routes – are the different routes created by system administrators and are used to transmit changes between the systems in a system group/landscape. There are two types of transport routes:
Consolidation (From DEV to QAS) – Transport Layers are used
Delivery (From QAS to PRD) – Transport Layers not required
Transport Layer – is used to group the changes of similar kinds, for example, changes are done in development objects of same class/category/package, logically should be sent through same transport route. Therefore transport layers are assigned to all objects coming from DEV system. Layers are used in Consolidation routes, however after Testing happens in QAS, layers are not used and the changes are moved using single routes towards PRD system.
Package – (formerly known as Development Class) is a way to classify the objects logically belonging to the same category or project. A package can also be seen as an object itself and is assigned to a specific transport layer (in consolidation route), therefore, changes made in any of the development object belonging to a particular Package, will be transmitted towards target system through a designated Transport Layer only, or else the change will be saved as a Local (non-transportable) modification.
Paging In Operating System (Os): What Is, Advantages, Example
What is Paging in OS?
Paging is a storage mechanism that allows OS to retrieve processes from the secondary storage into the main memory in the form of pages. In the Paging method, the main memory is divided into small fixed-size blocks of physical memory, which is called frames. The size of a frame should be kept the same as that of a page to have maximum utilization of the main memory and to avoid external fragmentation. Paging is used for faster access to data, and it is a logical concept.
In this Paging tutorial, you will learn:
Example of Paging in OSFor example, if the main memory size is 16 KB and Frame size is 1 KB. Here, the main memory will be divided into the collection of 16 frames of 1 KB each.
There are 4 separate processes in the system that is A1, A2, A3, and A4 of 4 KB each. Here, all the processes are divided into pages of 1 KB each so that operating system can store one page in one frame.
At the beginning of the process, all the frames remain empty so that all the pages of the processes will get stored in a contiguous way.
In this example you can see that A2 and A4 are moved to the waiting state after some time. Therefore, eight frames become empty, and so other pages can be loaded in that empty blocks. The process A5 of size 8 pages (8 KB) are waiting in the ready queue.
In this example, you can see that there are eight non-contiguous frames which is available in the memory, and paging offers the flexibility of storing the process at the different places. This allows us to load the pages of process A5 instead of A2 and A4.
What is Paging Protection? Advantages of Paging
Easy to use memory management algorithm
No need for external Fragmentation
Swapping is easy between equal-sized pages and page frames.
Here, are drawback/ cons of Paging:
May cause Internal fragmentation
Page tables consume additonal memory.
Multi-level paging may lead to memory reference overhead.
What is Segmentation?Segmentation method works almost similarly to paging, only difference between the two is that segments are of variable-length whereas, in the paging method, pages are always of fixed size.
A program segment includes the program’s main function, data structures, utility functions, etc. The OS maintains a segment map table for all the processes. It also includes a list of free memory blocks along with its size, segment numbers, and it’s memory locations in the main memory or virtual memory.
Advantages of SegmentationHere, are pros/benefits of Segmentation
Offer protection within the segments
You can achieve sharing by segments referencing multiple processes.
Not offers internal fragmentation
Segment tables use lesser memory than paging
Here are cons/drawback of Segmentation
In segmentation method, processes are loaded/ removed from the main memory. Therefore, the free memory space is separated into small pieces which may create a problem of external fragmentation
Costly memory management algorithm
Summary:
Paging is a storage mechanism that allows OS to retrieve processes from the secondary storage into the main memory in the form of pages.
The paging process should be protected by using the concept of insertion of an additional bit called Valid/Invalid bit.
Paging may cause Internal fragmentation
Segmentation method works almost similarly to paging, only difference between the two is that segments are of variable-length whereas, in the paging method, pages are always of fixed size.
You can achieve sharing by segments referencing multiple processes.
Segmentation is costly memory management algorithm
This New Recycling System Could Keep Covid Ppe Out Of Landfills
The waste from COVID-19 personal protective equipment is a gigantic problem. As of late last year, estimates put the amount of COVID-related plastic waste at about 8 million tons, with around 25,000 tons of that trickling into the ocean. A lot of that has to do with the fact that recycling PPE—from plastics to reusable cloth masks—is a bit of a mystery. For normal folks, that means our used necessary protective items end up in the landfill.
This obviously puts a whole lot of strain on the environment—but in a pandemic that is evolving and brewing up new elements every day, now is not the time to slow the roll on protecting people, especially healthcare workers. And in the case of the Omicron strain, more sustainable options like reusable fabric masks may not offer sufficient protection on their own.
“It is absolutely vital to provide health workers with the right PPE,” Michael Ryan, Executive Director, WHO Health Emergencies Programme, said in a release today. “But it is also vital to ensure that it can be used safely without impacting on the surrounding environment.” Even pre-COVID, 30 percent of healthcare systems (and double that in less developed countries) weren’t prepared for the amount of waste produced, according to the WHO. Throw a two-year-long public health crisis in an already strained mix, and we have a giant problem.
[Related: Humans created an extra 8 million tons of plastic waste during the pandemic.]
Not to mention, incinerating waste is used both to sterilize and dispose of old PPE that makes it to the landfill. But this process is still incredibly greenhouse-gas intensive since burning plastic emits carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
But, researchers at Cornell have recently come up with a brand-new plan to slash some of the PPE waste burying the world—and find a way to actually use this waste to our benefit. The researchers outlined their idea in the journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews last week.
“Eventually, you get this waste, but this is not something that is completely useless because these are plastic—these are, you know, some materials that we could convert,” says author Fenqui You, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Cornell. “So there’s a chance we could utilize some of this chemistry.”
Right now, the authors have broken down the process, which is shockingly simple, for the state of New York. Basically, there are two proposed steps—the first of which is taking waste PPE from hospitals and healthcare centers and depositing it at medical waste processing and decontamination facilities (the authors propose building one in Suffolk and one in New York County). This is where the masks and other PPE would be sterilized and then shredded into tiny pieces.
[Related: The ultimate guide to reusing and buying N95 masks.]
These tiny pieces would then be sent to an integrated pyrolysis plant. Pyrolysis is the process of heating organic matter without oxygen—which can turn something like a medical gown made from petroleum into a bunch of tinier, useful chemicals. In the case of medical PPE, those useful chemicals include ethylene, propylene, propane, butane, bauxite, gasline, and sulfur.
All in all, the most optimal version of the process could cost the state around $4 million. For context, New York City’s Department of Sanitation alone used about $2 billion in 2023. And the investment could have some serious benefits—namely reducing 31.5 percent of total fossil fuel use and 35.04 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions compared to PPE incineration. Additionally, compared to PPE landfilling and incineration processes, 41.52 percent and 47.64 percent less land is needed, respectively. “It’s just a few million dollars each year, and they will solve the problem and the whole state,” You says.
As the pandemic rages on, and our dependence on better masks follows, every little thing counts to make sure COVID-19 leaves as small a trace on the planet as possible.
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