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Introduction of C# CommandsC# is actually called as C sharp. C sharp is a very much popular programming language which is strongly followed object-oriented programming concept with proper typing, functional, declarative, imperative, and generic and following the proper discipline of normal component-oriented programming concept.
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Basic C# CommandsThere has a lot of C# commands especially for running or handling any kind of critical business logic through proper object-oriented programming concept in C sharp environment. Some of the basic C# commands are mentioned below:
1. UsingUsing the system
2. ClassThis is one of the big keywords has been using for declaring one specific class in case of C sharp programming.
Class User{ …. } 3. Comments
Using ‘/*….*/’ keyword for avoiding multiple lines of code from compiling.
Using ‘/’ for avoiding a single line of code from compiling.
4. Member or Class VariableMember or class variable can be considered as an Instance variable. This kind of variable is normally defined in the class definition. Those variables are available everywhere in the class, every individual method can easily access those variables as per their requirement. And any value changes on that variable will be affected for all the methods at a time.
5. Instantiating of an ObjectInstantiation of a class is always be required in case of object-oriented programming concept for using that class method or variables. Class instantiation can be done for those classes which actually holding the main method. Normally after the instantiation of each class, the main method will call directly.
6. IdentifierAn identifier is very much required in case of C# programmer for declaring anything like Class, Variables etc. This identifier is basically very much helpful for identifying the specific class, functions or variables or any kind of C# programming item which are user-defined. The very basic rules which are needs to be followed by the developer in case of C# programming are:
A name should need to start with a letter or sequence of the letter. It can hold digits like 0-9 or underscore (_). But starting of the identifier name should be a letter, digit will not accept in case of C# programming.
It should not ever contain any kind of symbolic language available in the keyboard like +, -, !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, ), / etc. Only underscore (_) is one of the accepted identifiers for mention name in C# programming.
Identifier never is a common keyword of C#.
Intermediate C# CommandsThere have several other popular C# commands also been used by the developer, which are not very basic commands but working with C# more those C# commands are very much required to execute. Some of those kinds of requiring intermediate C# commands are mentioned below:
1. KeywordsC# programming has varieties of special keywords which can be used by the developer very frequently. Those keywords are actually some of the reserved words which are known to the C# compiler. Some of the very much popular keywords of C# programming are abstract, as, break, byte, case, char, decimal, default, else, event, finally, float, for each, goto, if, int, lock, long, new, null, object, out, private, public, read-only, return, short, sizeOf, String, switch, this, try, unchecked, using, virtual, void, while, volatile etc. And some of the contextual keywords are ascending, descending, from, global, get, into, join, remove, select etc.
2. Common Variables
Value Type Variable
This type of variable is mainly used for assigning some value directly. This is derived from one the common package of C# programming name is System. value Type. This kind of variables is bool, byte, char, double, decimal, int, float, long, short etc.
Reference Type Variable
This kind of reference type variable never contains its actual data at the time of using in programming by the developer. It just holds the specific reference of that variable or proper word we can say it hold the memory location of that specific variable. If somehow memory location got changed of that specific variable it will impact the entire programming.
Pointer Type Variable
A pointer type variable is mainly helping for storing proper memory address of another type. It is basically working like same as C or C++ programming language has been used the pointer in their case.
Advanced C# Commands Commands Type Conversion ConstantsThis is one of the key utility of C# for mentioning one variable as constant. In that case, any logic inside the programming will not able to modify the same variable values.
Tips and Tricks to use C# CommandsSome common tips and tricks followed by normal C# command frequent users. Those tips are tricks are mentioned below:
1. String normalizationWhen we are using string normalization, we have to be ensured of using to UpperInVariant rather than to LowerIntVariant, as Microsoft can able to optimize the code only in case of uppercase variables.
2. Avoiding the null issueBetter to practice of using the null coalescing operator for avoiding any kind of null related issue, In case of C#, the operator is asking the question (?).
ConclusionC# programming is mainly designed by Microsoft for given proper object-oriented concept in the .NET framework. This is one of the key programming languages currently in the market for delivering varieties projects which are specifically running on .NET framework.
Recommended ArticlesYou're reading Learn List Of Basic To Advanced C# Commands
Basic To Advance Commands List
What is Matlab?
It is abbreviated as Matrix-based language, has been designed for computer scientists and engineers. Matlab provides great solutions in computational mathematics.
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It can be used for –
Data analysis
Algorithm development
Create models and application
Matlab finds a great use case in machine learning and deep learning as they deal with n-dimensional space which can be represented and analyzed in the matrix form only. Apart from this other technologies using this are control system design, image processing, and computational finance.
Matlab CommandsMatlab provides the commands that are used while the user has to interact with the application using the command line interface. Here we will see how to use those commands with the help of examples
Basic Commands1. Clear – This command removes variables from the memory
3. Clc – This command clears the command window
4. Global – This command declares a variable as global
5. Help – If you need to search for any help just write the keyword at command window and it displays your available options
6. Who – This command lists the current variable
7. Type – This command displays the contents of a file.
8. Pwd – This command displays the current directory.
9. Date – This command displays the current date
10. What – This command lists all the Matlab files in the current directory
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Example 4:
Example 5:
So if you would clearly observe the example 5 presented above, you can see that the statements hold true and in the last example we called clear command first and thereafter we looked for a type of x and y which now came to be undefined but was not so in example 4.
Note that these examples have been presented with octave that is open source and equivalent platform to Matlab and uses the same command set.
Intermediate Matlab CommandsBelow are the intermediate commands which are as follows:
1. Mathematical FunctionsHere we are exploring plot command which is being used to plot the sinusoidal wave curve with time, where time is ranging from 1 to 30 and is increasing in intervals of 0.01.
2. Array related Commands
Cat– It is used to concatenate two arrays, the first argument it takes is a dimension of the array to be created like whether it is 1D,2D or n-dimensional array and thereafter that n-number of arrays are passed as arguments, those are to be concatenated as shown in the snapshot
Length – Computes the number of elements in the array
Min, max – These commands return the max and min elements present in the arrays.
3. Matrix Related Commands
Eye – This creates an identity matrix
Ones – This creates the array of ones
Zeros – This creates the array of zeros
4. Matrix Arithmetic Command
Dot- This command generates the dot product of two matrices, note that the columns and rows of matrix decide the resulting matrix creation
Cross – Synonymously this creates the cross product, helpful in vector operations when represented in the matrix form
5. Matrix Commands For linear equation related operations
Rank – This command provides the result to an important mathematical parameter of matrices called rank which is the quantification of the lowest order of non-zero determinant carrying sub-matrix in the parent matrix
Det – Determinant of the matrix is calculated using this command.
Inv – Execution of this command provides us the inverse of a matrix.
6. Timing related commandsCputime – Calculates the CPU time in seconds
7. String Related commands
Findstr – Finds occurrences start index of a String in a phrase.
Strcmp – This command is used to compare two strings, returns 1 if the match is correct else it returns 0.
Advanced Matlab CommandsLet’s take a look at some of the Advanced commands which are as given below:-
1. ContourWhenever you are dealing in control system designs in engineering, the Nyquist plot contours, etc give you a mark of the stability in the system, we can customize the style of the plot in the Matlab (like the color and line type, etc).
2. Polynomial related commands
Poly2sym(vector) – This command converts a vector of coefficients into the corresponding symbolic polynomial (from highest to lowest power).
poly2sym(vector, ‘v’) – This command converts a vector of coefficients into the corresponding symbolic polynomial inv (from highest to lowest power).
3. Commands for Equation solvingsyms x1 x2…xn; solve(eq1,eq2,…,eqn, x1, x2,…,xn) – This command solves the simultaneous n number of equations and the solutions against those are assigned to variables ranging from x1,x2 to xn.
4. Commands for solving the Linear System of EquationsX = linsolve (A, B) – Let us suppose that we need to find a solution against the given equation
2x+y+z+m=1
x+2y+z+m=2
x+y+2z+m=3
x+y+z+2m=4
This can be solved in accordance with the attached image
Tips and Tricks to Use commands
A programmer shall be aware of use cases like when does Matlab do in-place calculations.
Use flexible indexing when dealing with tables
Write Matlab functions with flexible calling Syntax
Example –
We are supposed to design a function with given syntax
% findArea(… ‘shape’,shape)
so here, by use of inputParser, you can specify which input arguments are required (width), which are optional (height), and which are optional name-value pairs (‘shape’). inputParser also lets you confirm that each input is valid
As inputParser is a MATLAB object. Make sure to first create an object and then call functions to add the various input arguments.
ConclusionMATLAB is a platform for scientific calculation and high-level programming which uses an interactive environment to perform complex calculations more efficiently than with traditional languages, such as C and C++.
Has supporting modules for multiple operations, has integration with Simulink which can be used for simulating the electronic control systems, do the complex computations related to numerical methods, digital signal processing, image processing, and video processing.
Recommended ArticlesUltimate List Of Cortana Voice Commands
Cortana is the direct rival to Siri and Google Now. She is, however, really intelligent and brings you exactly what you’re looking for. In order to get the most out of Cortana you must be familiar with all the commands that are recognized by her. If you know all these commands then you never have to lay a finger on your device because you can ask Cortana to do almost everything for you, from sending texts, to setting up schedules, she will do everything for you. Below is a list of all the useful voice commands for Cortana that everyone should know.
Ultimate List of Cortana Commands Cortana Commands for Windows Smartphone 1. “Text John Smith”Tell Cortana to “Text” followed by a contact name in your smartphone and she will send a text to your specified contact. You can also say “send message to” or even “text brother” as long as you have specified your brother or any other loved one on your phone.
2. “Show me texts from [Insert Contact name]”If you want to see all the conversations with a single contact in one place then use this command and Cortana will bring you all the messages you have received from the contact. You can also use “messages” instead of “text”.
3. “What is the best [Restaurant/Hotel/Museum] here?”If you want to get a list of the best places around you then all you have to do is ask Cortana. She will give you a list of places that you’re looking for and it will also tell you how far exactly each place is from your current location. Finding the best hotels around you was never this easy.
4. “What is this song?” 5. “Where’s the nearest [Hospital/Gas station/park/Restaurant, etc]”This command is pretty self explanatory. If you’re looking for something important near you then just ask Cortana and she will be happy to help you out with your query.
6. “Call [Insert contact name]”Simple, just tell Cortana to fire up a call to one of your contacts and you will be connected within seconds to the person.
7. “Remind me the next time I talk to [insert contact]”This comes in very handy when you want to remember something important related to a specific someone like a birthday. Just tell Cortana to remind you about someone’s birthday the next time you talk to them. She will alert you when you make or receive a call from that specific person. No more forgetting birthdays when Cortana is around.
8. “Go to Settings”Yes, she will take you directly to settings and that’s not it, you can even ask her to do certain stuff for you like turn on/off airplane mode, turn on/off bluetooth, and much more. You can try anything you like chances are she will carry out the operations for you in most cases.
Universal Cortana Commands (for both Mobile and PC) 1. “Get Driving Directions to [insert Location]” 2. “Wake me up in Half an hour”When you’re just looking for that 30 minutes power nap but don’t want to miss something important. This command will make Cortana set an alarm for you that will wake you up in exactly 30 minutes. You can use an hour or two, depends on when you want to wake up.
3. “What’s the weather like” or “what’s the weather in [insert location]”You can get the latest and current weather updates in any specific city that you want. Just ask Cortana about the weather status in any of your preferred cities and she will bring you the latest weather forecast in no time.
4. “Remind me at [insert Time] to”This again will set a reminder for you but you can also add instructions to help you out like “remind me at 7PM to take out the trash”, now you’ll be reminded at exactly 7pm to take your trash out. Comes in handy when you want to remember certain important things.
5. “Create an appointment”Cortana will quickly create an appointment for you, you can schedule it for any date and time that you like.
6. “Set an Alarm” 7. “What is on my schedule?”Cortana will show you everything on your agenda. You will get all your appointments and the whole schedule within seconds.
8. “Show me today’s headlines”Cortana will bring you the hottest and trending stories and news from around the world everyday. Just ask for the headlines and you will be provided with the top news for the current day so you can stay up to date.
9. “Convert [kilometers to miles] or [GBP to USD] or [Celsius to Fahrenheit]”Cortana can do almost all of the conversions that you throw at her. Currency conversions are done depending on the current market rate that’s available on Bing. You can convert anything that you want from one unit to another unit without laying a finger on your device.
10. CalculationsAsk Cortana “54 times 3 is” and she will tell you the exact answer. You can also ask her to divide, add, or subtract different numbers and she will carry them out flawlessly. “40 divided by 2”, etc.
11. “Play Music” 12. “Turn on/off Wifi/Bluetooth/Airplane mode”Just tell Cortana to turn any settings on or off on your device and she will do that instantly. Ask her to turn on bluetooth and she will turn it on, ask her to turn off mobile data and she will turn it off and you don’t have to do the cumbersome manual tasks any longer.
13. “Open [Software name] or [App name]”You can command Cortana to open any software on your PC or launch any app on your smartphone. Just tell her to “open” or “launch” any app. Try it out with “Open Whatsapp” as long as you have Whatsapp installed she will open it for you. You can also cancel the process if you don’t want to open that app.
14. “How long will it take me to get to [location]?”Cortana will provide you with an estimated time duration for your arrival at any specific location. She will calculate the distance and tell you exactly how much time you will need to get from your location to the specified location.
15. “When is the next football/basketball/soccer/cricket game?”If you want to keep tabs on your favorite sports and the next game then Cortana will help you out with that. Just ask her about the next game of your favorite sport and she will bring you with the list of latest fixtures and matches from around the globe.
16. “Show me pictures of iPhone 6s, iPad Pro, Emma Watson, etc” 17. “Show me nearby Chinese/Thai/Indian restaurants”You get the point. Just ask Cortana about your favorite cuisine and she will bring you the closest restaurants in your vicinity. You can also get the directions to these restaurants as well.
18. “Who is Obama?” or “What time is it in India?”Ask her anything that you want to know and most of the times Cortana will bring you the exact answer that you’re looking for. Most of the information and fact are sourced from Wikipedia and the search engine is obviously Bing.
19. “Take a Note”If you want to make a quick note in the OneNote app then just ask Cortana to “Note it down” or “take a Note” and she will quickly create and save a note for you in your OneNote app so you can access it from anywhere anytime.
20. “Get flight status”If your flights are scheduled then Cortana will bring you the latest updates regarding your flights so you can keep a check on them when needed.
Funny Cortana Commands 1. “Which is better, Siri or Cortana?”Sometimes she will tell you that they’re both clever and sometime she will say you can’t compare Apples with Windows, which is pretty hilarious. Her responses vary every time but they are always funny.
2. “What Does the fox say?”Doing it is believing it. Just ask her what does the fox say and you will not be disappointed.
3. “Why did the chicken cross the road?”4. “Knock Knock”
Cortana knows how to make you laugh with different knock knock jokes all the time. Just tell her Knock Knock and she will provide you with a good laugh.
5. “Will you Marry me?” or “You Suck” or “I love you”Each command will show you the intelligence and quick wit of Cortana. She will comeback with some of the most hilarious answers that you can imagine. She sure feels like a real life human with answers like these.
6. “What do you think of Google/Apple etc?”She will tell you that Google is definitely a decent achievement but I still prefer Bing. She sure is a bit biased when it comes to comparisons of Microsoft’s services and products.
7. “What does Cortana mean?”She has many different explanation for this question. Each time she will provide you with a different explanation regarding the origins of her name.
8. “Which one is better Windows Phone or iPhone?”9. “Tell a joke” or “Tell me a joke”
Cortana will try her best to make you laugh with decent jokes every time you ask her to tell a joke.
10. “Which is better, Google or Yahoo?”This is really funny because when you ask Cortana about two rival products then she will tell you that Bing is better. That’s how biased she is when it comes to Microsoft, can’t even compare two rival products but this sure is funny.
11. “What’s up?”Just ask her “what’s up?” every day and Cortana will tell you some amazing facts every time you ask her that. It will really boost your knowledge regarding certain event and facts.
SEE ALSO: 18 Cool Cortana Tips and Tricks
16 Different Basic Commands In Impala Shell
Introduction to Impala Shell
Impala is a massively parallel processing SQL like engine based on top of the Hadoop ecosystem. Impala Shell is used to processing a huge volume of data stored in the Hadoop cluster. Impala is developed by Cloudera distribution to overcome the slow processing of hive queries. Impala works better in comparison to a hive when a dataset is not huge. It can be used to share the database of the hive as it can connect hive metastore easily. Also, it can be integrated with HBASE or Amazon S3.
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Impala is not map-reduce based, as it stores intermediate results in-memory, unlike map-reduce. It supports various HDFS supported file formats (like parquet, Avro, delimited text, etc) and compression codecs like snappy, gzip, etc. Impala-Shell is a command-line tool used to create a database, tables, and also to run interactive queries to fetch data, run Adhoc queries or execute the script files. Impala shell can be started using an impala-shell command on the terminal. Impala queries can be executed using shell, Perl or python scripts.
Basic Commands in Impala ShellBelow are the basic commands to execute a command on impala-shell:
1. Connect: This command is used to connect to the running impala instance. The default port connected is 21000.
Command:
2. Show databases: This command will list existing databases in impala.
Command:
Show databases
3. Create a database: This command is used to create a database.
Syntax:
Command:
4. Create table: This command is used to create tables.
Syntax:
Command:
5. Describe: This command is used to describe the table and see the schema of the table like datatypes, number of columns and constraints, etc.
Command:
6. Drop: This command is used to drop tables, database, functions.
Command:
7. Insert: This command is used to insert records in either overwrite or append record in tables.
8. Select: This command is used to fetch data from the table or view.
Command:
9. Use: This command is used to select the database. Statements will be executed over the tables inside the database.
Command:
10. Help: This command is used to list all the commands.
Command:
help;
11. History: Impala stores the history of all the commands used in impala-shell. This command is used to display all the commands used in an impala-shell.
Command:
History;
Command:
13. Invalidate Metadata: This command is used to refresh metadata for the tables. As impala shares metastore with hive so if there are any changes made in metadata of the tables outside of impala invalidate metadata is needed to run. As it will invalidate the existing metadata of the tables. It will reload metadata for tables before querying the table. This command is very expensive when compared to refresh. Invalidate metadata needs to be executed when there is any change in jars, or when some table will not be queried, or when new tables are added.
Command:
Invalidate metadata hive_db_name.table_name;
14. Refresh: This command is used to reload metadata about the table from metastore whenever there is a change in metadata outside of impala. Refresh will remove the inconsistency between hive metastore and impala. After refresh metadata will be broadcasted to all impala coordinators. The command needs to be executed in scenarios like whenever there is any addition or deletion of file from the HDFS directory where the Impala table is pointing. Or if there is any change in partitioning made outside of impala like addition or deletion of partition by the hive.
Command:
15. Explain: this command is used to derive the execution plan of a statement, like how impala will read data from hdfs, will divide work among hdfs nodes, etc. This command can be used to select or create a table as or insert statements to understand the execution plan of a query. With the help of execution plan query can be changed to perform better like join clauses can be adjusted or where conditions can be adjusted accordingly. The execution plan should be read from bottom to top.
Command:
16. Compute stats: This command is used to get information about data in a table and will be stored in the metastore database, later will be used by impala to run queries in an optimized way. This query gets information about data distribution or partitioning etc.
Command:
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Impala Shell. Here we discuss the introduction, 16 different basic commands in Impala Shell along with Syntax. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more–
How To Detect Copy Paste Commands Ctrl V Ctrl C Using Javascript
You’ll learn how to use javascript to detect the keystrokes ctrl+v in this article. When a user wishes to paste something into an input field, they have two options: either they can use the CTRL and V buttons simultaneously.
The keydown event’s ctrl attribute is used to figure out the key combination that contains “Ctrl.” To identify whether “ctrl” is pushed or not during the key event is triggered, it produces a “boolean” value.
Syntax event.ctrlKey Return Value
true − After pressing the “ctrl” key.
false − If the “ctrl” key was not depressed.
Example 1HTML source code − The “index.html” file’s code for detecting the “Ctrl+C” and “Ctrl+V” combination is shown below.
CSS source code − The “style.css” file used in the above mentioned HTML file is shown in the following code.
.container{ display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; } textarea{ margin-top: 40px; }Code in JavaScript − The code for the “script.js” file that is used in the above mentioned HTML file is shown in the following.
document.body.addEventListener("keydown", function (myEvent) { let ctrl = myEvent.ctrlKey ? myEvent.ctrlKey : ((key === 17) ? true : false); if (key == 86 && ctrl) { document.getElementById("result1").innerHTML =("Ctrl+V is pressed."); } else if (key == 67 && ctrl) { document.getElementById("result2").innerHTML =("Ctrl+C is pressed."); } }, false); OutputThe above code will give the below output −
Once you press Ctrl+C, you will see the desired message is printed as shown below.
Next, when you press Ctrl+V, you will see the desired message is printed as shown below.
Example 2KeyboardEvent objects define a user’s interaction with the keyboard; every event indicates a specific relationship between the user and a key or combination of a key and modifier keys on the keyboard. What type of keyboard activity took place is indicated by the event type (keydown, keypress, or keyup).
if (evt.key === ‘c’ && evt.ctrlKey) { alert(‘You have been detected, you have pressed Ctrl+C’); } else if (evt.key === ‘v’ && evt.ctrlKey) { alert(‘You have been detected, you have pressed Ctrl+V’); } });
You will see this screen before pressing any shortcut key on the keyboard.
Next, you will see this screen after pressing the shortcut key Ctrl+C on the keyboard.
Further, you will see this screen after pressing the shortcut key Ctrl+V on the keyboard.
In BriefEvery programmer and system administrator knows the value of the keyboard shortcut Ctrl C + Ctrl V, which is a fundamental and universal combination built into the core of every OS environment.
The text you copy can be modified as you copy it by using JavaScript EventListener placing a CSS layer inside of a command to hide the payload. The above code or example uses the keydown event, which just so happens to be triggered when you press the keyboard shortcut for Ctrl+C. The execCommand(“copy”) command that performs this needs a trigger, also known as an “event” to run. After a 0.8 second delay, the text from your clipboard is replaced by the code.
The � Argument List Too Long � Error In Linux Commands
Overview
In this article, we will discuss the error message that is displayed when you try to execute a command on your Linux system and it says “argument list too long”. This error can be caused by many reasons. In this post, I am going to explain what causes this error and how to resolve it.
What Is The Argument List Too Long Error?This error occurs because of an invalid argument passed to a program or shell script. It means that there are more arguments than allowed by the program. For example, if you run the following command −
You may get the following error −
-
bash
:
/usr/
bin
/
grep
:
Argument
list too
long
If you want to know why the above command fails, then read on.
What Causes the Error?We’ll look at a situation where there are a lot of files inside a directory.
230086
–
rw
–
r
—
r
—
1
shubh shubh
0
Nov
30
14
:
02
events2120038
.
log
–
rw
–
r
—
r
—
1
shubh shubh
0
Nov
30
14
:
02
events2120040
.
log
–
rw
–
r
—
r
—
1
shubh shubh
0
Nov
30
14
:
02
events2120039
.
log
–
rw
–
r
—
r
—
1
shubh shubh
0
Nov
30
14
:
02
events2120042
.
log
–
rw
–
r
—
r
—
1
shubh shubh
0
Nov
30
14
:
02
events2120041
.
log
We have over 230K log file names in our folder. Let’s see if we can get the number of files that begin with the word events.
–
bash
:
/usr/
bin
/
ls
:
Argument
list too
long
0
Notably, the command fails, citing “Argument list too long” as the reason. Let’s try the rm command to get rid of these files −
$ rm
-
rf events
*.
log
-
bash
:
/usr/
bin
/
rm
:
Argument
list too
long
The command again failed because of the same reason.
When performing filename expansion, Bash performs an operation called “expansion” which means that it expands the * character with each matching filename. As a result, Bash creates a very long argument string that it cannot handle.
If there are too many files to expand as command line parameters, Bash may fail to handle them. Note that this buffer (the argument buffer) is shared with the environment variable information, so the actual available memory is smaller than this buffer.
The rmdir (remove directory) commands in the previous example expand to −
$ rm
-
rf events2120038
.
log events2120040
.
log
...
events0000001
.
log
Here, the argument vector gets longer than the number of lines in the file. To avoid having too many arguments, we use the getcwd() function to get the current working directory (the path from the root of the filesystem to where we’re currently located). Then, we use the getargs() function to extract the first argument from each line of the file. Finally, we use the strlen() function to determine the length of the resulting string.
$ getconf ARG_MAX
2097152
The ARG_max argument determines the maximum space required by the exec() function. It allows the kernel to know the largest buffer needed to execute the program. You can verify these limits using the xargs command.
$ xargs
--
show
-
limits
Your
environment variables take up
2504
bytes POSIX upper limit on argument length
(
this
system
):
2092600
POSIX smallest allowable upper limit on argument length
(
all systems
):
4096
Maximum
length
of
command we could actually
use
:
2090096
Size
of
command buffer we are actually
using
:
131072
Maximum
parallelism
(--
max
-
procs must be
no
greater
):
2147483647
The most important thing to know about the upper limits on argument lengths is that they may differ from one operating systems to another.
Overcoming the LimitationWe’ll look at different ways we can approach solving this problem. All of them involve avoiding parameter expansion.
Using the find CommandYou can iterate through the file names using the find command and execute them one by one using either the exec option or xargs.
230085
We first get the file names containing the string “events” using the find command. Next, we pass the output of the find command to the xargs command. Finally, we run the ls and wc command over the results of the xargs command.
Using the for Loop ApproachYou could use another way to iterating through the files by using a for loop.
230085
This is one of several simple solutions to solving the problem. It may take longer than others, but it works well.
Manual SplitWe can split the file into smaller chunks and run the commands repeatedly with different sets of strings as arguments each iteration.
31154
15941
We’re filtering only the files whose name starts with “events1”. In this particular case, we stay within the limits set by the ARG_MAX variable.
We then repeat the same steps for those starting with “event1”, “event2”, etc.
When We Just Need to Remove the Content of a DirectoryIf we’re trying to remove all files from a directory, then consider a scenario where we fail at doing so −
$ rm
-
rf
*
-
bash
:
/usr/
bin
/
rm
:
Argument
list too
long
If we want to solve this problem, we could instead just remove the directory and recreate it.
$ rm
-
rf
/
home
/
shubh
/
tempdir
/
logs_archive $ cd home
/
shubh
/
tempdir
&&
mkdir logs_archive
Here, the logs_archive folder contains the files we want to delete.
Since we’re deleting the folder and recreating it, this approach won’t keep the original permission settings or ownership of the folder.
ConclusionWe looked at several different ways to deal with the “too long” problem.
We first discussed what causes this issue and then looked at some ways to fix it.
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