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Introduction to MySQL LOWERCASEThe following article provides an outline for MySQL LOWERCASE. To convert the string to lowercase, we can do it by using the LOWERCASE function. The LOWERCASE has one argument which will accept the string and convert it into the lower case. The function used for the above functionality is LOWER() or LCASE(). Binary, BLOB, and Varbinary are binary string data; these are ineffective when applied to the LOWER() function. To pass such data, we first convert the string to a non-binary string.
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Syntax:
The syntax for the LOWERCASE function is as below:
Or
How does MySQL LOWERCASE work?Code:
SELECT LOWER ( 'HI . . . WORLD' ) AS MESSAGE;Output:
Code:
SELECT LCASE( 'HI . . . WORLD' ) AS MESSAGE;Output:
Now let us create a table and apply the LOWER () function:
Code:
CREATE TABLE LOWERCASE_DEMO ( ID INT, UPPERCASE_VALUE VARCHAR(15) );Now let us insert data into the table:
Code:
INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 1, 'BE INDEPENDENT'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 2, 'BE CONFIDENT'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 3, 'BE YOU'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 4, 'BE POSITIVE'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 5, 'BE REAL'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 6, 'BE KIND'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 7, 'BE GENEROUS'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 8, 'BE FAMOUS'); INSERT INTO LOWERCASE_DEMO VALUES ( 9, 'YOU GOT THIS !!');Now let us select the data from the table without applying the LOWER function. The output would be as below—screenshot for the same. Here we can see that the column ‘UPPERCASE_VALUE’ data is in upper case. We use the LOWER and LCASE functions to convert the characters into the LOWER cases.
Code:
select * from LOWERCASE_DEMO;Output:
Now let us see the LOWER function and LCASE function:
Code:
SELECT *, LOWER ( UPPERCASE_VALUE) AS LOWER_VALUE, LCASE ( UPPERCASE_VALUE) AS LCASE_VALUE FROM LOWERCASE_DEMO;In the above select statement, we could see that instead of ‘string expression’, we have specified the ‘column name.’ Which will convert the column values from upper case to lower case as below. The LOWER function or LCASE function achieves this.
Examples of MySQL LOWERCASEGiven below are the examples of MySQL LOWERCASE:
Example #1Now let us see how the LOWER () function works individually and in the table.
Multiple cases in one string output also give lower case using the LOWER function.
Code:
SELECT LOWER( 'Hi . . . world QwErTy' ) AS MESSAGE;Output:
Code:
SELECT LCASE ( 'Hi . . . world QwErTy' ) AS MESSAGE;Output:
Example #2Let us see another example for the LOWER and LCASE functions below.
CREATE TABLE COLLEGEDATA ( COLLEGE_ID INT, COLLEGE_NAME VARCHAR(50), NO_OF_STUDENTS INT, LOCATION VARCHAR(20) );The below data is inserted into the above table:
Code:
INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (1890, 'Narayana pvt college', 700000, 'Hyderabad'); INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (2890, 'St.Josephpvt college', 560000, 'Kerala'); INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (3890, 'Private Plan pvt college', 230000, 'Hyderabad'); INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (4890, 'Chorniclepvt college', 60000, 'Maharastra'); INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (5890, 'Number one pvt college', 780000, 'Hyderabad'); INSERT INTO COLLEGEDATA VALUES (6890, 'Startuppvt college', 500000, 'Uttar Pradesh');Select the data from the above table, and the rows look as below:
Code:
SELECT * FROM COLLEGEDATA;Now let us select the data from the table without applying the LOWER function.
Output:
Let us apply the LOWER and LCASE functions:
Code:
SELECT COLLEGE_NAME,LOWER(COLLEGE_NAME),LCASE(COLLEGE_NAME) ,LOCATION , LOWER(LOCATION) , LCASE(LOCATION) FROM COLLEGEDATA;Here we can see that the column ‘COLUMN_NAME’ data is in upper case. We use the LOWER and LCASE functions to convert the characters into the LOWER issues.
Output:
ConclusionTo convert the string to lowercase, we can do it by using the LOWER CASE function. The LOWERCASE has one argument which will accept the string and convert it into the lower case. The function used for the above functionality is LOWER () or LCASE (). Binary, BLOB, and VARBINARY are types of binary string data. However, applying the LOWER() function to these data types is ineffective. To pass such data, we first convert the string to a non-binary string.
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Quick Glance On Accelerated Depreciation
Definition of Accelerated Depreciation
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ExplanationThere are various methods of Depreciation on fixed assets. However, in accelerated depreciation, the depreciation rate applied to assets is higher than that of the other depreciation methods. In accelerated depreciation, the book value of assets reduces faster than applying the other traditional depreciation methods.
Generally, the depreciation rate in the earlier years is higher, and in later years, the depreciation rate reduces compared to traditional methods. Hence the difference between the traditional and accelerated depreciation methods is the timing difference of depreciation.
Example of Accelerated DepreciationLet’s assume the company ABC Ltd. ABC Ltd has purchased machinery worth $500,000.The useful life of the machinery is 10 chúng tôi Ltd is calculating the depreciation using two methods.
Straight Line Method of Depreciation:
Particular
Value
Purchase price of the Machinery $500,000.00
The useful life of the Machinery (years) 10
Solution:
Depreciation Formula = Purchase Price/ Useful Life of The Asset
Depreciation = $500,000/10
Depreciation = $50,000
Depreciation per year is $50,000
Particular
Value
Purchase price of the Machinery $500,000.00
The useful life of the Machinery (years) 10
Solution:
Double declining balance method
Depreciation Formula = (Purchase Price/ Useful Life of the Asset)*2
Depreciation = ($5,00,000/10)*2
Depreciation = $100,000
Depreciation per year is $100,000
The sum of years digit method
Depreciation Formula = (Number of Useful Years Remaining / Sum of Useful Years) * Purchase Cost.
Depreciation = ((10 / (10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)) * $5,00,000
Depreciation = $90,909
The above example shows that the depreciation in the straight-line method is lower than the depreciation in the accelerated method of depreciation.
Methods of Accelerated DepreciationDifferent methods are mentioned below:
Double Declining balance method of depreciation: In this method of depreciation, the book value of the asset gets depreciates at the constant rate each year, which is generally double the rate of depreciation that applies in the straight-line method of depreciation, i.e., the rate of accelerates depreciation=2X the rate of depreciation in straight-line method
The sum of years digit methods: In this depreciation method, the remaining useful years of the asset consider along with the asset’s total useful life.
The formula for calculation of accelerated depreciation in this method = (number of useful years remaining/sum of useful years.)*Purchase cost
Accelerated Depreciation Deductions
Due to the use of accelerated depreciation, the reported profit of the enterprises is lower in the earlier years, which increases in the later part of the year. Hence the tax liability of the enterprise in the earlier years is lower than the tax liability of the enterprise in the last years. Therefore, we get more tax deductions in earlier years.
However, it must consider that the asset’s total tax liability does not change. It is only the timing difference of tax payment.
However, let’s consider the time value of money. The enterprise benefits from an income tax reduction in the earlier year compared to an income tax deduction in a later year.
In the case of accelerated depreciation, the asset fully depreciates on paper. However, in reality, the asset is still in existence. In this case, the income tax Department takes back the depreciation it has allowed earlier, which results in a loss to the enterprise.
Impact of Accelerated DepreciationThe following is the impact of Accelerated Depreciation
It has a higher effect on manufacturing industries than other lines of business.
Accelerated depreciation impacts the enterprise’s debt to asset ratio, profit margin ratio, and Return on asset ratio.
The use of accelerated depreciation affects the tax planning of the enterprise. Per the above discussion, due to accelerated depreciation, the tax liability of the enterprise reduces in the present; however, it increases in the future. Because of this, the enterprise has to invest much time in the tax planning of the current year, taking into consideration the tax planning of the future years.
BenefitsDifferent benefits are mentioned below:
Reduction in the reported net income of the enterprise: In the accelerated method of depreciation, the depreciation rate is higher in the initial years, thus increasing the depreciation expense. So this increases the total expense amount in the income statement, and the net income gets reduced due to this higher volume of expense.
Reduction in tax liability: The enterprise utilizes the saving in the form of tax liability for future projects or expansion of the current business, as it reduces its tax liability due to the lower reported net income resulting from increased expenses on the income statement.
Allowance of deferred tax: Many enterprises use the accelerated method of depreciation to create the provision for deferral tax liability in the books of accounts of the enterprise. Due to the high deduction of depreciation in the earlier years, the enterprise’s net income gets reduced in the earlier years and increases in the later years, which results in the creation of deferred tax, which the enterprise is liable to pay in the future. Hence, the provision for DTL, i.e., deferred tax liability, is created in the books of accounts by the enterprise.
Unclear picture of the financial statements: In this depreciation method, the higher expenses are reported in, the earlier years, which get reduced later. As shown in the statements, the assets are not worn out due to accelerated depreciation. Hence, the investors do not get a clear picture of the organization’s financial health, leading to confusion about when to invest in the enterprise, thus affecting decision-making.
Higher payment of taxes in later years: In the accelerated method of depreciation, the enterprise has to pay low tax in the initial years due to low reported income; however, contrary to the above, the income of the enterprise increases in the later years because the depreciation expense in the later years gets reduced, and hence the tax liability of the enterprise in future also increase in future the enterprise falls under higher tax bracket, and this can create a problem to the enterprise in the planning of its financial projects.
The wrong reported value of the asset: In this method of depreciation, the asset depreciates fully on paper, and hence the enterprise cancels the asset because the economic value of the asset gets zero due to the depreciation reported; however, in reality, the asset still has the value. The depreciation, which was earlier allowed by the income tax department, can be taken back, leading to the enterprise’s loss.
ConclusionThe use of accelerated depreciation by the enterprise does not give the true picture of the books of accounts of the enterprise, thus affecting the investors’ decision-making. Hence to invest in the enterprise, the investor should not only rely on the income statement or the use of the depreciation method by the enterprise. Like the cash flow statement, the other financial statements should also be studied before investing in the enterprise. Also, the investor should thoroughly study other information like present tax liability and the expected future tax liability of the enterprise due to the use of accelerated depreciation before investing in the enterprise.
Recommended ArticlesMysql Union Vs Union All
Difference Between MySQL Union vs Union All
Mysql union and union all operators are used to get the combined result set two or more tables for two subqueries which involve using a select clause to retrieve the same number and type of columns from both subqueries. Both union and union all clauses have the same requirement and purpose but just with some differences in how both will retrieve the final result set.
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In this article, we will study the syntax and usage of unions and all clauses, along with their similarities and differences. We will also learn about the implementation of union and union all in mysql along with the help of an example.
The syntax of the union clause in mysql is as shown below:
First select query UNION Second select queryThe working of the union operator can be understood from the below Venn diagram example where one of the data set retrieved from the first subquery gives the output a,b,c while the dataset retrieved from the other query is p,c,r and when both these queries are combined with union operator in between the final resultset gives only one occurrence of c which is duplicated in both the resultset. Hence, it can be said that the union operator only combines the result and retrieves the unique values.
Example of Union OperatorTwo tables are considered here, namely employee_details which stores the data related to the employees, and the other one is customer_details which is kept for storing the contact-related information in the table. Both this table contains the names of the employee and the employee id. Let us see what are the contents of each of the tables firstly –
SELECT * FROM [employee_details] SELECT * FROM [contact_details]If we perform union on both the tables using the following query, unique result set data values are retrieved combining data of both the tables as shown below –
SELECT employee_id, f_name FROM employee_details UNION SELECT employee_id, employee_name FROM contact_details ORDER BY employee_id;The output of the above query statement is as shown below –
Syntax of Union All clause –
The syntax of the union clause in mysql is as shown below –
First select query UNION ALL Second select queryWhen the same example is considered, and between the two queries union all operator is applied; it gives the output of elements a,b,c,p,c,r which contains a duplicate occurrence of the c value as it is present in both the data sets. Hence, the union combines the result but also retrieves the duplicate values.
Example of Union All OperatorOne of the examples where we have implemented a union operator is as shown below –
SELECT employee_id, f_name FROM employee_details UNION ALL SELECT employee_id, employee_name FROM contact_details ORDER BY employee_id;The records of employee id with 101 and 103 have the same employee_id in both the tables and the same f_name column value; that’s why both occurrences of it persist in the output of the union of all operators.
Head to Head Comparison between MySQL Union vs Union All (Infographics)Below are the top 8 differences between MySQL Union vs Union All:
Key Differences between MySQL Union vs Union AllSome of the key differences between MySQL Union vs Union All are:
The most critical feature that needs to be pointed out over here is that in case of a union operator, combining the data from two sources eliminates the duplicate entries retrieved from both datasets and keeps only one of its entries. In the case of the union of all operators, none of the elimination is performed, and the duplicate values are held in the final result set.
MySQL Union vs Union All Comparison TableLet us discuss the top comparison between MySQL Union vs Union All:
Union Union All
When applied to the two subqueries retrieving a particular data set, the UNION operator combines them and returns the final result set containing unique occurrences of data retrieved from both tables. When applied to the two subqueries retrieving a particular data set, the UNION ALL operator combines them. It returns the final result set, which may contain any occurrences of data values retrieved from both tables.
The default behavior of the UNION operator involves eliminating all the duplicate values from the combined data set retrieved from both datasets. There is no such default behavior in the case of the UNION ALL operator.
The working of the UNION operator is much slower because after combining the data from the two tables, it also has one more step to perform: eliminating all the duplicate values. The execution of the UNION ALL operator is comparatively faster because it only carries out a combination of two data sets.
Database designers and users prefer to use the union operator as it retrieves unique results. Most frequently used as compared to UNION ALL. Database designers and users do not much prefer them. However, it depends upon the requirement of which operator will be used.
The syntax of the UNION operator is –
sub query UNION sub queryThe syntax of the UNION ALL operator is –
sub query UNION ALL sub queryVenn diagram for representing the working of union operator is as shown below –
The c data value is present in both data sets. Hence, the final result considers only one occurrence of it.
Venn diagram for representing the working of union all operator for same data sets is as shown below –
Even though c is present in both data sets, both occurrences are retained in the final result set.
One of the examples where we have implemented a union operator is as shown below –
SELECT employee_id, f_name FROM employee_details UNION SELECT employee_id, employee_name FROM contact_details ORDER BY employee_id;The output of the above query statement is as shown below –
Even though the records of employee id with 101 and 103 have the same employee_id in both the tables and the same f_name column value. Still, only one of the occurrences of it persisted in the output of the union operator.
One of the examples where we have implemented a union operator is as shown below –
SELECT employee_id, f_name FROM employee_details UNION ALL SELECT employee_id, employee_name FROM contact_details ORDER BY employee_id;The output of the above query statement is as shown below –
The records of employee id with 101 and 103 have the same employee_id in both the tables and the same f_name column value; that’s why both occurrences of it persist in the output of the union of all operators.
ConclusionThe union operator and union operator both do the same job of combining the result set. The only significant difference in their working is that the union operator eliminates the duplicate entries from the final result set. In contrast, the union of all operators persists the duplicate entries as well.
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Guide To Regexp_Replace() In Mysql
Definition of MySQL REGEXP_REPLACE()
REGEXP_REPLACE() operator is used in the SELECT query to replace the matched sub-string. This operator searches for the regular expression, identifies it, replaces the pattern with the sub-string provided explicitly in the query, and returns the output with the updated sub-string. Users rarely use this function, but it significantly impacts when utilized. You can replace the sub-string as a whole, at a specified position, or within an array. In this article, we will discuss MySQL REGEXP_REPLACE() in detail, and also, we can discuss in detail the syntax and the use in the following portions.
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Syntax
Simplest syntax for REGEXP_REPLACE() function is as follows:
REGEXP_REPLACE(exp, pat, repl);The program searches for the regular expression “pat” in the string “exp” and replaces it with the sub-string “a reply.”
SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(exp, pat, repl);A further detailed syntax for REGEXP_REPLACE() is as follows:
REGEXP_REPLACE(exp, pat, repl [, pos[, occurrence[, match_type]]]);In this, the pos, pat, and repl are optional arguments. Pos is the position in the string where the search will be performed. The query can omit this, causing the search to start at the first character. The specific occurrence of the expression that should be replaced is specified by the ‘occurrence’ parameter. If omitted, it will result in the replacement of all occurrences of the expression. The ‘match_type’ parameter determines the method to be used for matching.
We can now look at the practical examples of the REGEXP_REPLACE() operator.
How does REGEXP_REPLACE() work in MySQL?Consider the string below:
[email protected] ='I am robot. I can read, write and process.'; select @original;The string has data as ‘I am robot. I can read, write, and process.’. This is our test string, where we will work on the different REPLACE() operations.
Query 1 SELECT @original, REGEXP_REPLACE(@original , 'robot', 'Human');Output:
The query aims to search the string for the sub-string ‘robot’, replace it with ‘Human’, and return the updated string. The ‘string’ will be searched using a regular expression. In this case, the variable ‘exp’ represents the string to be searched, ‘pat’ represents the pattern to be searched (sub-string ‘robot’), and ‘rep’ represents the replacing sub-string ‘Human’.
In the output, the sub-string ‘robot’ is replaced with ‘Human’, and the SELECT query returns the updated string as ‘I am Human’. I can read, write, and process.’
Query 2Let’s now write the query to replace multiple occurrences of a sub-string with the same replacing expression.
SELECT @original, REGEXP_REPLACE(@original , 'I', 'i');The expected output is to replace all upper case ‘I’ to lower case ‘i’ in the string. Though we have mentioned this only once in our query, the upper case ‘I’ appears twice in the string.
Output:
The output demonstrates that the upper case ‘I’ is replaced with a lower case ‘i’.
Query 3The replacing function will return a null value if the string’s sub-string (expression) is absent. The query to validate that scenario will be as follows:
SELECT @original, REGEXP_REPLACE(@original , 'and', 'also');Output:
We discussed the optional arguments of REPLACE() function. Let’s see how to use them in practical scenarios. Let’s consider the original string to be as below:
set @original ='Table Chair Light Table Switch Fan Table'; Query 4We can see the use of position argument.
SELECT @original, REGEXP_REPLACE(@original , 'Table', '*****', 2);The query is to return the string updated from the second position of the sub-string ‘Table’ replaced by ‘*****’.
Output:
We had the sub-string ‘Table’ three times in the original string. The query returned the first sub-string of ‘Table’ as is and replaced the second and third sub-strings as ‘*****’.
Query 5The above query replaced all occurrences of the specified sub-strings from a particular position. Instead, let us see how to replace only one sub-string ‘Table’ event from the original string.
The expected query result is the string with only the second occurrence of the sub-string ‘Table’ replaced by ‘*****’. The counting of sub-strings starts from the first position.
Output:
The same query can give a different output if we change the position of the occurrence count.
The output will update the second occurrence of ‘Table’ from the second position. Or change the occurrence count as below:
The output will update the first occurrence of ‘Table’ from the first position.
Finally, let’s explore the match_type argument. There are several characters in this argument. They are
‘c’ – this will enable a case-sensitive matching
‘i’ – this will enable a case-insensitive matching
‘m’ – this will identify where the line is terminated
‘ n’ – this will identify the line terminators ‘.’.
Query 6The expected query result includes three cases where the pattern to be searched is ‘table’ in all lowercase characters.
The original string with three occurrences of the sub-string ‘table’.
To obtain a case-sensitive result, you should replace the second occurrence of the sub-string ‘table’ with ‘*****’. This will not replace the sub-string because the original string has a ‘Table’ sub-string with an upper case ‘T’.
To achieve a case-insensitive result, the second occurrence of the sub-string ‘table’ should be replaced by ‘*****’. This string portion will update the sub-string ‘table’ with ‘*****’.
Output:
The output will have the case insensitive result field with ‘table’ replaced by ‘*****’.
Conclusion – MySQL REGEXP_REPLACE()This chapter has discussed different options for using REGEXP_REPLACE() function. The function, as discussed, replaces the regular expression with the sub-string specified in the SELECT query.
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Advantages And Features Of Mysql Innodb
Introduction of MySQL InnoDB
Mysql supports many storage engines for the table, which define the internal working and support for different features of the tables. Some of the storage engines supported by MySQL include InnoDB, MyISAM, Memory, CSV, Merge, Archive, Federated, Blackhole, and Example. The Innodb storage engine is the most widely utilized among them, while MyISAM is one of the original storage engines used in internal tables for manipulating MySQL databases belonging to information_schema and MySQL databases.
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Advantages of InnoDB Storage Engine
All the data manipulation language statements and operations support the ACID(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) transaction properties and other transactional features of rollback, commit, and crash-recovery support for securing the user data.
To avoid inconsistency in the tables that are related and dependent on each other, the InnoDB storage engine supports the usage of the foreign keys that help in the consistent update, insert and delete operations and helps in maintaining integrity and consistency in the contents of tables of the database.
Features of MySQL InnoDBFeatures of InnoDB include B-tree indexes, Backup/point-in-time recovery, Clustered indexes, Compressed data, Data caches, Encrypted data, Foreign key support, Full-text search indexes for MySQL 5.6 and later versions, Geospatial data type support, Geospatial indexing support for MySQL 5.7 and later versions, Index caches, Locking granularity at the Row level, MVCC, Replication support, Storage limits up to 64TB, Transactions, Update statistics for the data dictionary. InnoDB uses hash indexes internally for the Adaptive Hash Index feature, but it does not support the use of hash indexes directly for manipulating InnoDB tables.
Examples of MySQL InnoDBWhenever we create a table using create table statement in MySQL 5.5 and above versions, the default storage engine of the created table is always Innodb. In contrast, for the versions before MySQL 5.5, MyISAM is the default storage engine for the table. We can mention the table’s storage engine while creating it by using the ENGINE= clause if we want to create a table of any other storage engine or in case we want to specify the engine type as InnoDB explicitly.
Firstly, we will see how we can use the ENGINE= clause to specify the storage engine with the help of an example. We will create a table named educba_innodb using the following create table statement –
CREATE TABLE educba_innodb (id INTEGER, description VARCHAR(20), PRIMARY KEY (id)) ENGINE=InnoDB;Output:
While making the table with the InnoDB storage engine, it is necessary to use a primary key column that has the following properties –
Most of the crucial queries should utilize and reference this column.
Ensure that the column always has a value and is never left blank.
Duplicate values should never exist in this column.
The value in this column should remain unchanged once it is inserted into the table.
We can check the status of the table and all the related information by using the SHOW TABLE STATUS statement in MySQL. For example, if we want to check the status of the table we created earlier named educba_innodb, then we will use the following query statement –
SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM educba LIKE 'educba_innodb' G;that gives the following output displaying all the details related to the educba_innodb table –
In our case, we can even see the table’s engine in this status, which is InnoDB.
CREATE TABLE educba_myisam (id INTEGER, description VARCHAR(20), PRIMARY KEY (id)) ENGINE=MyISAM;that gives the following output –
After checking the status using the following query for the educba_myisam table –
SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM educba LIKE 'educba_myisam' G;gives the following output saying the Engine of the table is MyISAM –
To determine the default storage engine installed on your database server, you can execute the following command:
SELECT @@default_storage_engine;Running the above command gives the following output:
Let us try creating a table without specifying the ENGINE= clause in CREATE TABLE statement. We will create a table named educba_default using the following query –
CREATE TABLE educba_default (id INTEGER, description VARCHAR(20), PRIMARY KEY (id));that gives the output as follows after execution –
Let’s check the table’s status to determine which storage engine was used by default when creating the table. Earlier, we queried and found that the default storage engine for MySQL installed on your machine is InnoDB. Hence, the educba_default should have an InnoDB engine. Here’s the output –
SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM educba LIKE 'educba_default' G;Running the above command gives the following output:
ConclusionThe InnoDB storage engine is the default engine assigned to the table while creating in Mysql 5.5 and above versions. To explicitly mention the table’s storage engine while creating, you can use the ENGINE= clause. The Innodb engine performs well due to many features, such as row-level locking, transaction support, and indexing on primary keys. InnoDB storage engine also provides the feature to use foreign keys that help maintain the consistency and integrity of MySQL databases. Concurrent access by multiple users and each of them retrieving consistent data is possible using the InnoDB storage engine.
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Complete Beginners Guide To Learn Mysql
MySQL Tutorial and Resources
Mysql is an Open Source Relational Database which supports SQL queries. How data will be stored is decided by Mysql Engine. Mysql provides full flexibility while choosing Mysql engines. In Mysql, there are two most popular engines called MyISAM and INNODB. If we do not want transactional properties and we do not want to use row-level locking, then we can use MyISAM. Data Insertion is faster in INNODB.
Note: Transactional properties mean atomicity; IF you visited ATM and you initiated your transaction, so first you insert ATM, your Password, how much you want to withdraw, and finally, it will return the money. So all the steps are captured if any steps fail, all the steps are considered to fail. And transactions will be rolled back.
Why do we need to learn MySQL?There are many reasons why we need to learn MySQL; some of the important ones are given below:
Job Options: You can be a good Backend database engineer because MySQL uses sql queries which is common for any Relational Database like Oracle, SqlServer, etc.
Open Source: Since MySQL is an Open source, so you do not have to pay to use MySQL.
MySQL handles better Security: There are many access and roles available, and a MySQL super admin can grand various roles and manage them. Because Super Admin can grant roles with limited roles, users can also perform limited work on the database. It makes our database secure.
MySQL Supports: MySQL supports almost all platforms and operating systems like Windows, Linux, UNIX, macOS, etc, which makes it suitable for any kind of application.
MySQL performance: If we compare MySQL with other Relational Databases like Oracle, Sybase, etc, then we will see MySQL is a little faster with lower features.
MySQL is Scalable: In general, MySQL support upto a 4GM limit. However, this can also be upgraded up to 8TB to meet your needs.
Applications of MySQLWeb applications mostly use MySQL. Because it is open-source and many cloud-based servers like AWS charge much less to deploy MySQL on their server. Many small and medium startups are going with MySQL only. MySQL can also be used for ERP solutions as it provides a Relational database, so managing reports and analyzing data would also be very easy in MySQL.
ExampleIn the example below, we are creating a Table user in the database. Please go through the example below along with the screen.
DESCRIBE user;
This image shows existing databases and selecting user’s database;
In the below image, we are creating a table name user.
In the below image, we display details of the table we created above.
PrerequisitesTo start with MySQL, we do not require to learn any programming languages. UI tools provide various ways to create, insert and delete. If you have not heard about MySQL Workbench, you should try it. It is a complete UI tool for chúng tôi start with MySQL, We should learn JOINS, insert, select, basics of data stored in the table, and its attributes.
Target AudienceA Web Developer: A web developer is the one who gets the data from the end-user and stores data into MySQL in the required format. He can also fetch the data from MySQL and display it to end-users. Developers should learn more of the syntax of Like JOIN, AGGREGATE, SUM, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, etc commands because to show data to end-user, they need to use all these components.
A Database Admin: A database admin is the one who creates all the roles on a particular database. For example, if the database name is users, then for this database, he will create various users like user1,user2, and user2. And all these users will be granted different types of roles according to the work they are going to perform in the users’ database.
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