Trending November 2023 # Top Examples To Implement Of Datareader C# # Suggested December 2023 # Top 18 Popular

You are reading the article Top Examples To Implement Of Datareader C# updated in November 2023 on the website Cancandonuts.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested December 2023 Top Examples To Implement Of Datareader C#

Introduction to DataReader C#

A Data reader is an object that is used to read data from the data sources. This can only perform read operation and not update operation on the data source. The data is retrieved as a data stream from the data source. Though the data reader is restricted in terms of only reading operation, it is highly effective and optimized as it is read only and forward only. There are two types of providers in the .Net Framework, they are SQLDataReader and OleDbDataReader. The data reader increases the application performance by reducing system overhead as it stores the only row in memory at a given point of time. This article will cover in detail the data reader in c# along with appropriate examples.

Start Your Free Software Development Course

Syntax:

The sql data reader is available in the namespace System.Data.SqlClient and the corresponding assembly is chúng tôi A SQL data reader is initialized as follows.

SqlDataReadersqlReader = sqlCmd.ExecuteReader();

The execute reader is used to pass the SQL statements or procedure to the sqlconnection object and the corresponding result is stored in the sqlreader object of SqlDataReader. Before reading from any data reader, it should always be open and should point to the first record. The read() method of data reader is used to read and it moves forward to the next row.

The oledb data reader also behaves in the same way. It is available in the name space System.Data.OleDb and the corresponding assembly is chúng tôi An oledbDataReader object is used to connect to OLEDB data sources and fetch data from them. Like SQLDataReader, oledbdata reader should also be open before performing read operation. An oledb data reader is initialized as follows.

OleDbDataReaderoledbReader = oledbCmd.ExecuteReader();

Where the executereader is used to carry out the SQL statements or procedures.

Accessing Data Reader Results Working with Multiple Sets

If data reader returns multiple result sets, the NextResult method of data reader can be used to access them. During implementation, it should be noted and taken care that all the result sets are being iterated and each column inside the result set is accessible.

Examples to Implement of DataReader C#

Below are the examples of DataReader C#:

Example #1

Typically, data is read from the result set returned by the data reader is to iterate each row using a while loop. The read method return value is of bool type, if the next row is present then true is returned and for the last record, false is returned. The while loop will be executed until the condition becomes false.

Syntax:

while(rdr.Read()) { }

Like closing a SQL connection, it is always a best practice to close the Data reader. All the while part can be in enclosed in a try block and the data reader connection can be closed in the finally block.

Syntax:

try { } Catch { } finally { if (reader != null) { reader.Close(); } }

Code:

using System; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Data.SqlClient; namespace test { public partial class test1 : Form { public test1() { InitializeComponent(); } Public static void main() { string constr = null; SqlConnectionscon ; SqlCommandscmd ; string sstat = null; constr = "Data Source=testserver;Initial Catalog=testdb;User ID=test;Password=test"; sstat = "Select * from test"; scon = new SqlConnection(constr); try { scon.Open(); scmd = new SqlCommand(sstat, scon); SqlDataReadersstatReader = scmd.ExecuteReader(); while (sstatReader.Read()) { Console.WriteLine("Name:" sstatReader.GetValue(0) + "age:" sstatReader.GetValue(1) ); } sstatReader.Close(); scmd.Dispose(); scon.Close(); } catch (Exception ex) { } } } }

Example #2

Code:

using System; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Data.OleDb; namespace test { public partial class test : Form { public test() { InitializeComponent(); } Public static void main() { string constr = null; OleDbConnectionocon ; OleDbCommandocmd ; string sql = null; constr = "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=test.mdb"; sql = "select * from emp"; ocon = new OleDbConnection(constr); try { ocon.Open(); ocmd = new OleDbCommand(sql, ocon); OleDbDataReaderordr = ocmd.ExecuteReader(); while (ordr.Read ()) { Console.WriteLine("EmpName:" ordr.GetValue(0) + "Empage:" ordr.GetValue(1) + "Esalary" ordr.GetValue(2) ); } ordr.Close(); ocmd.Dispose(); ocon.Close(); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("Connection Failed"); } } } }

Output:

Conclusion Recommended Article

This is a guide to DataReader C#. Here we discuss the Introduction to DataReader in C# and its examples along with Code Implementation and Output. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more –

You're reading Top Examples To Implement Of Datareader C#

Top 3 Examples To Implement Of Python Curl

Introduction to Python Curl

A curl is a request tool that is used to create network requests so that it allows it to transfer the data across the network, which is done using the command line. In this article, we are going to discussing curl in Python. In python, a curl is a tool for transferring data requests to and from a server using PycURL. This tool is used for testing REST APIs, downloading files, etc. this PycURL is an interface to the libcURL library in Python, and hence the PycURL is capable of inheriting all the capabilities of libcURL.

Working of Python Curl

In this article, Python curl is used for REST API for transferring the data to and from a server. In this, we will see PycURL is a python interface used to fetch the objects from a python program identified by a URL.

Curl is a UNIX command which can send GET, POST, PUT and DELETE request to a URL. There is an HTTP library called “Requests” in Python, but this library needs to be pulled as it’s not any standard module. When this library is used, we can create a simple request, and this request returns a response object which allows access to the various status codes or headers, etc. Let us see an example below with output for each line:

Examples to Implement Python Curl

Below are the examples of Python Curl:

Example #1

Code:

import requests print url

Output:

headers={'x-api-key':'09ba90f6-dcd0-42c0-8c13-5baa6f2377d0'} print headers

Output:

resp = requests.get(url,headers=headers) print resp.status_code

Here you will get the output code as status code as 200.

print resp.content print resp

The above will print the content.

From the above code snippets, we need to first import the request library, and then we create a URL, and we will print the URL, and headers will also be defined and printed. Then we saw that request.get() method is called by passing the URL and headers obtained above to this method. This method returns a response object (resp). In the above code snippets, we can see that we will be printing the content of the request using this response object.get() method which will allow us to access and print the status_code and entire content is printed, and we can also see the list of attributes of this response object that are available. Similarly, we also can use different request methods like requests.put(), request.post(), request.delete(), etc.

We can see the syntax of each of these request methods, and we can see below:

Call.request.get(URL) this is used to send a GET request to the URL.

Call.request.post(URL, data= dict) in this dict contains a dictionary of keys and also has values to send to a POST request.

Call.request.put(URL, data =dict) this also works similarly to POST request; this will also send URL and values to a PUT request.

Call.requset.delete(URL, data =dict); this also has the same parameters as the above two request methods, and this request also sends the URL and values to the DELETE request method.

In Python, we use PycURL as a CURL tool and are used for testing REST APIs. As this PycURL supports a different variety of protocols like FILE, FTPS, HTTPS, IMAP, SMB, SCP, etc. The installation of PycURL is very simple for any of the operating systems. So below is the sampling process for installing the PycURL.

$ pip install pycurl $ easy_install pycurl

The above two can be used for installing pycurl in mac or Linux OS. Now we will see how can this be installed in Windows OS, but before this, we need to install a few dependencies. So you can run the below command in the Python terminal as below:

Command:

$ pip install pycurl

If pip is not used, we can use EXE and MSI installers available at PycURL windows.

Example #2

Let us below the sample example for sending an HTTP GET request.

Code:

import pycurl from io import BytesIO b_obj = BytesIO() crl = pycurl.Curl() crl.setopt(crl.WRITEDATA, b_obj) crl.perform() crl.close() get_body = b_obj.getvalue() print('Output of GET request:n%s' % get_body.decode('utf8'))

Output:

Similarly, there are different ways and codes in Python using PycURL for using POST, PUT, DELETE, etc., methods. Let us what code sample can be written for sending an HTTP DELETE request. This method where it deletes the server resource that is identified by the URL. This can be implemented using CUSTOMREQUEST.

Example #3

Below is a sample example:

Code:

import pycurl crl = pycurl.Curl() crl.setopt(crl.CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE") crl.perform() crl.close()

The above code snippet is to send the HTTP DELETE request. So we can see how to use HTTP DELETE request for sending this request using a curl tool in Python like PycURL.

Conclusion

In this article, we discussed the curl, which is a tool for transferring data from and to the server. In Python, we have the PycURL library, which uses libcurl, a standard library, and PycURL uses its values. We also saw the various methods that are called syntax. In this article, we also saw the usage of PycURL, which we first saw how to import it and how to use this and use various curl methods such as perform(), close(), etc.

Recommended Articles

We hope that this EDUCBA information on “Python Curl” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.

Examples Of The Operator=() Function In C++

Introduction to C++ operator=()

Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others

So when the assignment operator is overloaded, the assignment operator should be performed on the user-defined data types as well, so all values of one object (user-defined data types) can be copied to another object.

Syntax

Below is the syntax mentioned:

return_type : : operator =(Parameter_list ) { }

An operator is an operator function where the operator is a keyword that will be there for all operators overload and = is an assignment operator being overloaded.

Working and Examples of the Operator=() function in C++

Next, we write the C++ code to understand the Operator=() function working more clearly with the following example where we use Operator=() function to copy one object to another object, as below –

Example #1

Code:

using namespace std; class Employee { public: int salary; Employee( int sal ) { salary = sal; } Employee operator =(Employee n) { Employee temp = n.salary; return temp; } }; int main() { Employee e1( 20000 ); Employee e2( 25000 ); Employee e3 = e1; cout<< e3.salary; return 0; }

Output:

As in the above code, the Employee operator =(Employee n ); function is defined for an assignment operator overload, as here this function accepted the Employee class object as a parameter, and it returns accepted object salary that is what assign or copy to another object when used assignment operator as in code Employee e3 = e1; Once compiler encounter e3 = e1; statement it calls to the operator =(Employee n ); defined function as e3.operator =(e1). Here e1 object is passed as a parameter, and e3 is the object on which the assignment operator function is called, so e1.salary is assigned or copied to the e3 object.

Next, we rewrite the above C++ code to see what happens if we do not define the Operator =() function in class to copy one object to another object, as below –

Example #2

using namespace std; class Employee { public: int salary; Employee( int sal ) { salary = sal; } }; int main() { Employee e1( 20000 ); Employee e2( 25000 ); Employee e3 = e1; cout<< e3.salary; return 0; }

Output:

As in the above code the Employee operator =(Employee n); function is not defined for an assignment operator to be overloaded, but object e1 is copied to e3 as we got the same output 20000. So the assignment operator is overloaded for user-defined objects, whereas other binary operators, by default not overloaded like ‘+,’ ‘-, ‘‘*’ etc.

Next, we rewrite the above c++ code to see what happens if we do not define the Operator +() function in class to perform the addition of object, as below –

Example #3

Code:

using namespace std; class Employee { public: int salary; Employee( int sal ) { salary = sal; } }; int main() { Employee e1( 20000 ); Employee e2( 25000 ); Employee e3 = e1 + e2; cout<< e3.salary; return 0; }

Once we compile the above code we get the below error –

Next, we rewrite the above C++ code to overload the Operator=() function where it copies one object to another object with some operation, as below –

Example #4

Code:

using namespace std; class Employee { public: int salary; Employee( int sal ) { salary = sal; } void operator =(Employee n) { salary = n.salary + 10000; } }; int main() { Employee e1( 20000 ); Employee e2( 25000 ); e2 = e1; cout<< e2.salary; return 0; }

Output:

As in the above code, the Employee operator =(Employee n); function is defined for an assignment operator overload, as here this function accepts the Employee class object as a parameter, and it updates the salary of the calling object by the salary of the passed object with the addition of 1000. So when an assignment operator is used as in the above code, Employee e3 = e1; the e3 salary is updated or copied by e1 object salary plus 10000. Therefore the output is 30000, not just 20000.

Conclusion

Operator=( ) overload an assignment Operator in C++, which can be used to redefine the assignment operators to perform the operation on the user-defined data type.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to C++ operator=(). Here we have discussed the introduction to Operator=() function in C++ and the programming examples. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –

Top Examples Of Scala Collections

Introduction to Scala Collections

Collections in Scala are nothing but a container where the list of data items can be placed and processed together within the memory. It consists of both mutable (scala.collection.mutable) and immutable (scala.collection.immutable) collections which in-turn varies functionally with Val and Var and also, Scala collections provide a wide range of flexible built-in methods, which can be used to perform various operations like transformations & actions, directly on the data items.

Start Your Free Software Development Course

Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others

Scala Collections Framework

At a very high-level collection contains Seq, Set & Map. All of them are the child of Traversable traits. Do keep it in mind, All of the Childs of Traversable (Parent) are Traits and not classes which makes it easier to implement in the code snippet, without having the need to create the object before calling it.

Let us discuss it in detail as follows:

Reference – Book: A Beginner’s Guide to Scala, Object Orientation and Functional Programming

Traversable: helps us to traverse through the entire collection and it implements the behavior that are common to all the collections irrespective of the data types. It simply means Traversable lets us traverse the collections repeatedly in terms of for each method.

Iterable: gives us an iterator, which lets you loop through a collection’s elements one at a time.

Note: By using an iterator, the collection can be traversed only once, because each element is consumed during the iteration process.

Mutable & Immutable Collections

Scala Provides 2 varieties of collections. They are:

Mutable

Immutable

Mutable Collections

Example:

AnyRefMap

ArrayBuffer

ArrayBuilder

ArraySeq

ArrayStack

BitSet

DoubleLinkedList

HashMap

HashSet

LinkedHashMap

LinkedHashSet

LinkedList

Stack

StringBuilder

TreeSet

WeekHashMap, etc.

Immutable Collections

This type of collection can never be changed. We can still see the methods that look like adding/ updating/ removing elements from the collection. But it actually creates a new collection internally and leaves the old one unchanged.

Example:

BitSet

HashMap

HashSet

List

ListMap

ListSet

LongMap

NumericRange

Stack

Stream

StreamIterator

TreeMap

TreeSet

Vector

IndexedSeq, etc..

String & Lazy Collection

Whenever we perform any data transformations using a filter, map, min, max, reduce, fold, etc.., on collections, it basically transforms it into another collection. There could be some collections that allow Strict Transformations means, the memory of the elements are allocated immediately when the elements are evaluated and results in the new collection. In a Lazy Collection, the transformations will not create another collection upfront. It means, the memory will not be allocated immediately and it creates the new collection when there is a demand. Collection classes can be converted into Lazy Collection by creating a view on the collection.

Let us look into the Scala REPL example for a better understanding.

Example:

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (0 to 5).toList println("List is: " + ls); } }

Output:

While creating the collection – List, the memory is allocated immediately and when we try to call the list, we are able to find the list of elements as below.

ls res0: List[Int] = List(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) //collection items of ls is allocated to res0. Hence, it created the memory immediately.

To Create a Lazy Collection:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (0 to 5).toList val lsLazy = ls.view println("View: " + lsLazy); } }

lsLazy: scala.collection.SeqView[Int] = View(?)

Note: Here when we try to create a view on the existing list, we can clearly say it doesn’t allocate the memory as it only builds a view of the list until unless any action is being called like foreach, min, max, etc.

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (0 to 5).toList val lsLazy = ls.view println("max "+lsLazy.max); } }

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (0 to 5).toList val lsLazy = ls.view lsLazy.foreach(println) } }

Let us investigate some of the basic methods that come with the Collections:

Mutable Collections: ArrayBuffer

Example:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val arrBuff = (0 to 5).toBuffer println(" "+arrBuff); } }

Output:

Now, let’s try adding an element to the existing ArrayBuffer Collection.

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val arrBuff = (0 to 5).toBuffer arrBuff += 5 println(" "+arrBuff); } }

Look at the below result, if you look closer, you could find that data item “5” has been appended to the existing collection.

Note: += is a method that is used to append the element to the original collection. i.e., adds the new element to the collection and reassigns the result to the original collection.

Example:

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val arrBuff1 = (0 to 5).toBuffer println(" "+arrBuff1); } }

Output:

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val arrBuff1 = (0 to 5).toBuffer arrBuff1 +=66 println(" "+arrBuff1); } }

Output:

res24: scala.collection.mutable.Buffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 66) // added in the copy, not the original

res25: scala.collection.mutable.Buffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) // check the original collection and note that the collection items remain unchanged.

Immutable Collection: List

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (1 to 5).toList println(" "+ls); } }

Note: Mutable collections doesn’t have += method to append and reassign.

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (1 to 5).toList ls :+5 println(" "+ls); } }

Note: Use ” :+= ” as the reassignment operator, while dealing with immutable collections to update the existing immutable collection. This method can be applied only on “var” and not on “val”.

Example:

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (1 to 5).toList } }

Output:

Note: map will always return the output of the same incoming data type. In the above screenshot, the input was List[Int], hence the output is also same. It output stored in “res13”.

Example:

Code:

object Demo { def main(args: Array[String]) { val ls = (1 to 5).toList ls.foreach(println) }

Output:

Note: If you look carefully in the screenshot, you can notice that the output of foreach hasn’t stored on any result variables here. This is why foreach varies with map.

Conclusion

As we have seen so far, collections are way useful to store and retrieve formatted items of the respective data types. Also, it comes with various methods to add/ change or delete items from the collection. It is even adaptable to use in most critical scenarios, as it provides mutable and immutable collections.

Recommended Articles

We hope that this EDUCBA information on “Scala Collections” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.

Working Of Long Data Type In C++ With Examples

Introduction to C++ long

Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others

Working of long Data Type in C++

In this article, we will discuss the long data type in C++. The long data type is a basic numerical signed and unsigned integer type which is used for specifying the storage size and location of variables or constants that are used in programs that can hold values as long as a single 64-bit signed (numbers can be either positive or negative) integer type or unsigned (only positive numbers) integer type that is long can store 263 with one bit for the sign. This long type is used to store large values that are equivalent to the long int type. These long type variables can be used with double variables also as it can be used as a long int. In C++ there is also another data type where it can help us store numbers larger than long and such variables can be stored with data type long long which is created twice using long data type but this long long type modifier can only be used with the int data type. In C++, there are specific literals provided to these data types such as for long type we use either “L” or “l” is used to identify long literal by suffixing these alphabets and for long long int we suffix with “LL” literal which are used for signed and if we want to indicate unsigned long then suffix wit “UL” and unsigned long long int then we have to suffix with “ULL”.

Examples of C++ long

Now in the below section let us see how to declare long variables in a program.

Example #1

Code:

using namespace std; int main() { long a = 4564667; long int b = 4564667; cout <<“Program to demonstrate long in C++” <<“n”<<endl; cout <<“The value of variable with long variable a is “<< a <<“n”<< endl; cout <<“The value of variable with log int variable b is “<< b << “n”<<endl; cout <<“The size of long variable a is ” << sizeof(a) <<“n” << endl; cout <<“The size of long int variable b is “<< sizeof(b) <<“n” <<endl; return 0; }

Output:

In the above program, we can see we have created a variable with long type “a” and another variable “b” with long int type these both have the same value so we can say long long and long int type is the same and we also can see we are declaring the size of the variables which can be done using sizeof() function. So we can say the size of long and long int have the same size that is 8.

Example #2

Code:

using namespace std; int main () { long p, q; long long res; p = 5456943859; q = 254689; res = p * q; cout<<“Program to demonstrate long long type in C++” <<“n”<<endl; cout<<“The long type varaibles p ” << p << ” and q ” <<q << “is n”<<endl; cout <<“The product of two long variables p*q = “<< res <<endl;; cout<< sizeof(res)<<endl; return 0; }

Output:

In the above program, we can see we have declared two long variables p and q and we are trying to find the product of these two variables which will be a very large value so we are declaring the variable “res” which will be the long long type which can store large value than long type. So in the above screenshot, we can see the output, and also we can see a size of long long variable “res” which prints 8 and the product value is 1389823574504851.

Example #3

Now we will see a sample example of using literals for long unsigned and signed data types.

using namespace std; int main () { long p = -5456943859L; long z = 8647627343UL; long long r = 1389823574504851LL; cout<<“Program to demonstrate long long and long type literals in C++” <<“n”<<endl; cout<<“The long type varaibles p literal is ” << p <<“n”<<endl; cout<<“The long type variable z literal of unsigned long variable is “<<z <<“n”<<endl; cout<<“The long long type of variable r literal is = “<< r <<endl; return 0; }

Output:

In the above program, we can see we have declared a long variable “p” with value and we have suffixed it with “L” and we have also declared long long type variable “r” and we have suffixed it with “LL”. In the above program, we have seen we have p value suffixed with L as “5456943859L” and r variable which is the long long type with value 1389823574504851LL where we can see p and r are signed long variables. So the variable “z” is also a long type but it is unsigned so it can have only a positive number which can be seen in the above screenshot.

Conclusion

In this article, we can conclude that the long type variable in C++ is a type of data type which is used for storing the values that are as large as 64-bit values, and in C++ it also provides a data type long long which is another data type to store values larger than the long type which means it can hold the value twice of long type. In this article, we have seen a simple example of how to declare the long type variables which is equivalent to long int in C++. In this article, we also saw the example of long long type variables along with the literals which are used by suffixing it with value to indicate the signed or unsigned long type variables.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to C++ long. Here we also discuss the introduction and working of long data type in c++ along with different examples and its code implementation. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –

Examples On Does Any() Function Works In C++

Introduction to C++ any() Function

Bitset is one of the important class in the C++ library that helps to emulate strings or numbers in the form of a sequence of bits stored like an array where each of the bits is stored at consecutive positions in the array. Since the storage dataset used is an array, each bit can be referenced by a particular index that helps in fast access of elements. Any() method is one of the methods provided in Bitset Class to find if any of the bit present in the array is set that is its value is ‘1’. If none of the bit is set false is returned.

Start Your Free Software Development Course

Syntax:

Before C++11: bool any() const;

Since C++11: bool any() const noexcept;

This method requires no parameters to be passed while calling. Only the reference to one of the objects of Bitset class calls this method for the bitset representation object is holding.

Bool: Determines that the return type for this method is a Boolean, that is either true in case any one of the bit is set otherwise false.

Const: restricts any changes to this method by any of its child classes.

After C++11 this method does not throw any exception, can be inferred using noexcept keyword mentioned in its declaration.

How any() Function Works in C++?

A bitset helps to emulate an array of bool where each bit is stored in such a way to use memory efficiently as memory consumed to store a bitset is far less than the storage of Boolean array or vector. Thus it can be inferred the information stored using bitset is stored in a compressed manner, thus helps in enhancing the performance of the array and vector operations on it. The only limitation of using bitset is the size of the array needs to be declared at compile time.

1. Each bit in bitset array can easily be accessed using indexes for eg, obj[3] points to the element stored at index 3 in the bitset from right side.

2. Bitset also gives constructor to get the bitset representation of given string and numbers. Thus one can easily use this class to store the information. It provides various methods to perform operations on the bits such as :-

Count

All

Any

Test

Set

3. When Any() method is triggered for a bitset object, the compiler traverse the whole array of bitset from 0 to N index, where N is declared at compile-time, and checks if the bit is set i.e the value of the bit at that index is 1. If yes it breaks the loop and returns true Boolean otherwise False Boolean. Any() method working is same as loop given below:-

for(int i=0;i<bitsObj.size();i++){ if(bitsObj.test(i)){ return true; break; } else{ return false; } } Advantage of any() Function in C++

All the bitwise operations on bitset can be performed without any type of conversion or casting, which helps enhance the performance and efficiency.

Examples to Implement of C++ any() Function Example #1

Let us consider one simple example to understand how any function in bitset works.

Code :

using namespace std; int main() { bool result1 = obj1.any(); if (result1) cout << obj1 << ” has one of its bits set” << endl; else cout << ” None of the bits is set in “<< obj1 << endl; bool result2 = obj2.any(); if (result2) cout << obj2 << “ has one of its bits set” << endl; else cout << “None of the bits is set in ” << obj2 << endl; return 0; }

Output :

Explanation: Here since obj1 10010 has a bit set at 1 and 4th index thus any method returns true for it. But in case of obj2 000000 has none of its bits as set returns false.

Example #2

Code :

using namespace std; #define M 32 int main() { cout << “Bitset representation of uninitialised obj1 is ” <<obj1 << endl; cout << “Bitset representation of 16 is ” <<obj2 << endl; cout << “Bitset representation of “00010” is ” <<obj3 << endl; cout << endl; bitarr[3] = 1; bitarr[2] = bitarr[3]; cout << “Bitset representation of array with 2nd 3rd bbits set is “<< bitarr << endl; cout << “Lets check if any of the bit is set in above 4 bitset representations: “; if( obj1.any()) cout<< “obj1: ” <<“TRUE”<<endl ;else cout << “FALSE” <<endl; if( obj2.any()) cout<< “obj2: ” <<“TRUE”<<endl ;else cout <<“FALSE” <<endl; if( obj3.any()) cout<< “obj3: ” <<“TRUE” <<endl;else cout<< “FALSE” <<endl; if( bitarr.any()) cout<< “bitarr: ” <<“TRUE”<<endl; else cout<< “FALSE” <<endl; cout << endl; return 0; }

Output:

Explanation: In the above-given example, M defines the length of the bitset array for all the given bitset objects. Since obj1 is uninitialized thus its value is by default initialized to 0. Second object obj2 is a number -16 that is converted using bitset constructor to its bitset representation. The third object is in the form of bits 00010 and has bit set at index 1. And the fourth index is a bitset array uninitialized, thus stores 0 value in the start but its 2nd and 3rd bit is set at runtime. Any() method is used to find if any of the bit in the given objects is set or not.

Conclusion

Bitset representation plays an important role as it helps to work with bits representation of string or numbers. And Since the machine understands the language of “0” and “1”, working with this representation improves the performance. Any() is one of the methods provided in this class to find if any of the bit is set in the given bitset object.